An on - farm experiment was conducted at Binh Yen Hamlet, Long
Hoa Village, Cantho Province in the South of Vietnam. A total of 60
Tam Hoang (TH) and 60 Tau Vang (TV) layers were equally divided
between 6 small farms (10 TH and 10 TV on each) and were followed
for 20 weeks of the laying period. The hens were allocated at
random to 2 treatments in a 2 * 2 factorial experiment. The first
factor was breed (Tam Hoang and Tau Vang), and the second factor
diet, including: Mixed diet including maize meal, fish meal and
roasted soya bean meal and with a supplement of oyster meal and
bone meal; Separate diet, including the same feedstuffs but
supplied separately in 3 feeders, and with oyster and bone meal
mixed together with the maize meal. There were thus 4 treatments
with 6 replications (farms) and with 5 birds per experimental unit
(pen) and in total 20 hens per farm.
Daily dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and metabolisable
energy (ME) intakes were 21 % higher for the improved Tam Hoang
hens compared with the local Tau Vang hens. The hen-day production
and mean egg weight were significantly different between breeds
(P<0.001) and for the Tam Hoang were 30.1 % and 43.5 g
respectively, compared with 23.9 % and 39.2 g, respectively, for
the Tau Vang. However, there were no significant differences
between treatments, and for the mixed and separate diets hen-day
production and egg weights were 27.2 % and 41.4 g compared with
26.8 % and 41.4g, respectively.
The feed consumption per kg eggs was not significantly different
for both treatments and breeds. In addition, CP and ME/kg eggs were
not significantly different between breeds, but were between
treatments. CP and ME intakes were 602 and 633 g/kg eggs and 50.8
and 52.6 MJ/kg eggs for the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang hens,
respectively (P>0.05). For the mixed and separate diets, CP and
ME intakes were 681 and 553 g and 49.8 and 53.6 MJ / kg eggs,
respectively (P<0.05).The feed cost per kg eggs for the Tam
Hoang was 11,161 VND, slightly lower than for the Tau Vang (11,654
VND/kg eggs). However, these differences were non - significant.
The hens from mixed and separate diet can get around 41 % and 44
% CP, 42 % and 35 % ME intakes (respectively) from scavenging feed
recourse.
Key words : Laying hens, scavenging conditions, egg
production, improved breed, local breed, mixed diet, choice
feeding.
The scavenging system for poultry has existed for a long time in
Vietnam, especially in rural areas in the South. The most important
characteristic of this system is low feed investment costs, with
chickens allowed to scavenge, finding their feed and multiplying by
themselves (Le Viet Ly, 2000). In rural areas of the Mekong Delta,
poultry production is now developing rapidly, especially scavenging
chickens. They are maintained with few or no inputs and the main
sources of feed are household refuse and pickings from their
surroundings. Eggs and chickens can be an important source of
animal protein for the family, and eggs can provide a small cash
flow, while the birds are reserved for times of celebration or
need. These benefits are usually considered to be gratuitous and
the scavenging feed resource base is often disregarded (Gunaratne
et al., 1993).
Binh Yen is a small hamlet in Long Hoa village, located on a
large land area about 18 km East of Can Tho, and is occasionally
flooded. The total area of the village is 14 square km, and the
population 13,380 inhabitants, in about 3000 households. Most of
the people live on agriculture. The farming systems in Long Hoa
village are generally based on the need to produce food for the
family, and on small-scale animal production, with 2 or 3 pigs and
4 - 10 chickens per family. The main source of income is the lemon
tree. Poultry production in general, and especially chickens, in
Binh Yen Hamlet has not been developed. Farmers raise mainly local
chickens, such as the Noi, Tau and Tre (Ac) breeds, and very few
Tam Hoang are raised in this area. So, this study was carried out
to evaluate an improved breed and an alternative feeding system and
introduce these to the farmers.
Objectives of the experiment
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Site description
Binh Yen Hamlet, Long Hoa village, Cantho province, is located
to the west of Highway 91, in the south of Vietnam. Binh Yen is on
an alluvial plain where there is good potential for agriculture.
The climate is suitable for raising animals and growing lemon
trees. Many development organizations have supported the
distribution of improved breeds of cattle, pigs and chickens to the
farmers to improve the animal production in the village. For
example Heifer International Project has supplied Tau Vang chickens
to the local farmers.
2.2 Selection and training of the farmers
Firstly a meeting was arranged with Long Hoa People's committee
and the Farmers' Organization officials. They introduced us to
farmers with experience of working with projects and with chickens.
After that we selected 6 households in one neighborhood which have
relatively large gardens and fields for the hens to scavenge in.
The main feed resources from scavenging are by- products of rice
after harvesting, insects, grasses and weeds, waste from the pigs,
refuse from the family, water spinach etc. In these households the
woman play a key role in the livestock farming systems, as they
usually stay at home and take care of the family and small flocks
of chickens, ducks and a few pigs. A one-day training course on
poultry keeping was held, with the objective of training them in
aspects of management, such as feeding, following the treatments,
collection of eggs, health care, house construction etc.
2.3 Experimental design and birds
The experiment was conducted at Binh Yen Hamlet, Long Hoa
village, Cantho provincefrom July to November, 2002, in the rainy
season. The chickens after growing on station were selected at 18
weeks of age and followed the same treatment as in the on-station
experiment (Paper I). The experiment was carried out using two
breeds, Tau Vang and Tam Hoang, which are local and improved
breeds, respectively, and included 60 Tam Hoang and 60 Tau Vang
females that were transferred to 6 households each with 10 Tam
Hoang and 10 Tau Vang. Before transferring to the farms, the hens
were vaccinated against Newcastle disease. The hens were confined
in the chicken house for the first day for acclimatization and on
the second day were released to scavenge on the farm. The hens were
allowed to scavenge in the daytime from 07.00h to 17.00h without
any feed supplement provided. The feeds were supplied at night
time only, with 3 feeders for birds on the separate diet and 1
feeder for those on the mixed diet.. Both diets were supplemented
with a vitamin premix.
The experimental design was factorial with 2 factors: the first
factor was breed, including local (Tau Vang) and improved (Tam
Hoang) hens and the second factor was diet, provided mixed or
separately, and including maize, fish and roasted soya bean meal.
There were thus four treatments with 6 replications (households)
and 5 birds / pen as one experimental unit. The design of the
experiment was completely randomized design (CRD).
2.4 Experimental diets and management
The experiment included the following 2 treatments applied to
each breed (Tau Vang and Tam Hoang). The hens were fed ad -
libitum, with maize meal, roasted soya bean meal and fish meal
given separately or mixed.
The treatments were:
Treatment 1: Separate diet including maize meal, fishmeal and
roasted soya bean meal supplied separately in 3 feeders, with 2 %
bone meal and 5 % oyster shell meal mixed together with the maize
meal.
Treatment 2: Mixed diet including maize meal (70.8%), fish meal
(12.0 %) soya bean meal (10.0 %), bone meal (2.0%), oyster meal
(5.0 %) and a premix (0.2 %).
The diet was formulated to provide 17.6 % CP (Table 1), which
is the recommended CP content for village layers of 16.5 - 17.5 %
(Smith, 1990) and (calculated) 12.9 MJ/kg ME, and all treatments
were supplemented with 0.2 % of a vitamin premix.
The feedstuffs were stored in the grain form and
ground each week, as the experiment was carried out in the rainy
season, and the feed would quickly get moldy because of the high
humidity. The feeds were mixed and transferred to the households
each week and the feed residues were also weighed every
week.
2.5 Housing and environment
The hens were confined at night in divided pens constructed from
cast net and bamboo, with floors covered with 20 cm of rice husks
for bedding with an average density of 5 hens/ m2.
Natural light was used in the daytime and artificial light
(electric bulbs) at night, with an intensity of 3 W/m2
at floor level during the whole experimental period. The
temperature inside the house averaged 25 - 32 0C. At the
time of the experiment, the weather was rainy and humidity high,
which made it difficult for the hens to scavenge. Water was
supplied via plastic tube feeders inside and outside the hen house,
and was available throughout the day and night. Feeders used were
round plastic basins 20 cm in diameter and 25 cm high, and both
feeders and drinker were cleaned and refilled daily in the
morning.
The hens were released to the gardens for scavenging each
morning at 07.00h, and the feeders were raised so as to be
inaccessible. The door of every pen was open for the hens to come
in for laying, and the farmers observed the hens every day very
carefully and collected the eggs, which were weighed every 3 days.
2.6 Diets and feeding
The chemical composition and nutrient values of ingredients and
diets are shown in Table 1. The diets were fed for the period from
19 weeks of age to 20 weeks of lay. The feed ingredients were
bought and stored in the grain form at the experimental farm, and
were transferred to the households every week. The feed ingredients
were the same as in the on- station experiment (Paper1), and both
experiments were carried out at the same time.
2.7 Data collection
Data were collected by the women in collaboration with a
technical assistant. Feed residues were weighed every week and egg
production and egg weight were recorded every day for each pen.
Body weight of the hens was recorded at the beginning and the end
of the experiment. Economic efficiency parameters were recorded for
20 weeks of lay.
2.8. Feed sample analyses and
calculations
The mixed diet and feedstuffs for both experiments were analyzed
for dry matter (DM), crude protein (N*6.25), crude fibre (CF),
ether extract (EE), and ash, Ca and P by standard AOAC methods
(AOAC, 1990). Analyses of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of the
mixed diet and feedstuffs were also done, following the procedure
of Goering and Van Soest (1991). Metabolizable energy (ME) contents
of all the diets were calculated from chemical analysis data using
the equation of Janssen (1989). Lysine and methionine were analyzed
by using a method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Birds were weighed, with all 5 hens in each pen as an
experimental unit, at the first egg. Daily feed intake was
calculated according to the total feed consumption of all the hens
in each pen. Feed was offered every day and feed refusals were
recorded every week, and the feed consumption calculated. The eggs
were collected and weighed every 3 days for each pen to calculate
the feed consumption per kg eggs and mean egg weight. Egg
production was determined for 20 weeks of lay.
2.9 Mortality and behavior
The initial number of birds and number remaining at the end of
the experiment were recorded to calculate mortality, and eating
behavior and incidence of feather picking and disease were also
observed.
2.10. Statistical analysis
The data were subjected to analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by using
the General Linear Model (GLM) and regression analysis of
MINITAB.13 reference Manual Release 12(1998).
2.11 Economic analysis
Economic analyses were done by using current prices in
Vietnamese Dong (VND) to calculate the differences in total income
and total expenses between the two dietary treatments, including
feed, and other costs such as for labor, vaccine and medicine were
estimated. Finally net profit for each treatment was calculated.
3. Results
3.1 Chemical composition and nutritive value of the
feedstuffs and mixed feed
The chemical composition of the ingredients and the mixed diet
are shown in Table 1. Maize meal (MM), soya bean meal (SBM), fish
meal (FM) and the mixed diet had average dry matter (DM) contents
of 85.9, 87.0, 85.7 and 86.3 % respectively. The CP (%) and ME
contents (MJ/kg) of the MM, SBM, FM and the mixed diet were 9.0
and 13.78, 40.7 and 11.95, 48.5 and 9.15, and 17.6 and 12.85,
respectively.
3.2 Feed intake
The daily feed DM, crude protein and ME intakes were
significantly different between breeds and diets (P<0.05). They
were 49.1 g, 7.8 g and 0.64 MJ, and 38.9 g, 5.9 g and 0.52 MJ for
the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang, respectively (Table 2), and were 43.5
g, 7.7 g and 0.55 MJ and 44.5g, 6.12g and 0.60 MJ for the mixed and
separate diets (Table 3), respectively.
The proportions of feed ingredients consumed were significantly
different for the two diets but not significantly different for
breeds. The hens consumed 71.0 % MM, 10.0% SBM and 12.0% FM on the
mixed diet, and 79.2 % MM, 8.5 % SBM and 5.3 % FM when feed
ingredients were supplied separately. The CP and ME contents were
17.6 %, 12.85 MJ and 14.5 %, 13.1 MJ for the mixed and separate
diets, respectively. However, there were no significant differences
for breed, and intakes were 75.4 % MM, 9.2 % SBM, 8.4 % FM for the
Tam Hoang and 74.8 % MM, 9.3 % SBM and 8.9 % FM for the Tau Vang
(P>0.05). The CP and ME contents of the separate diet were 16.0
% and 12.95 MJ, and 16.2 % and 12.93 MJ for the Tam Hoang and Tau
Vang, respectively.
3.3 Egg performance, mean egg weight and feed
consumption per kg eggs
Mean hen - day production of the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang was 30.1
and 23.9 %, respectively (P<0.05) (Table 2). However, there was
no significant difference between diets (P>0.05) and production
was 27.2 and 26.8 % for the mixed and separate diet, respectively
(Table 3).
Mean egg weights were significantly different (P<0.05) for
breed, and were 43.5g and 39.2 g for the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang,
respectively (Table 2). However, the mean egg weight of the hens on
the mixed and separate diets was similar (P>0.05).
(Table3).
Feed consumption per kg eggs was not significantly different for
breed and diet, and was 3.9 and 4.0 kg feed/kg eggs for the Tam
Hoang and Tau Vang, respectively, and 3.9 and 4.0 kg feed/kg eggs
for the mixed and separate diets, respectively.
CP and ME/kg eggs were not significantly different for breeds
but were different between diets. The Tam Hoang consumed 602 g CP
and 50.8 MJ, and the Tau Vang 633 g CP and 52.6 MJ for 1 kg of
eggs. Intakes were 681 g CP and 49.8 MJ for the mixed diet, and 553
g CP and, 53.6 MJ per kg eggs for hens on the separate diet
(P<0.05).
3.4 Feed cost per kg eggs
Feed cost per kg eggs for the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang were 11,161
and 11,654 VND, respectively (NS), and 11,661 and 11,145 VND/kg
eggs for the mixed and separate diets, respectively (NS).
4. Discussion
4.1 Feed intake and proportion of ingredients
consumed
The feed intake of the Tam Hoang was 21 % higher than of the
Tau Vang under scavenging conditions, but in on - station
conditions (Paper I) was only 17 % higher than for the Tau Vang.
This seems to indicate that the Tau Vang can scavenge better than
the Tam Hoang hens, which is in agreement with Do Viet Minh
(1999), who showed that the supplementary feed, CP and ME intakes
of an improved breed were 29 to 34 % higher than for a local
breed under scavenging conditions. In addition, comparing the feed,
CP and ME intakes of the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang raised under
scavenging conditions with the same breeds on station indicates
that the Tam Hoang and Tau Vang got around 37 % and 40 %,
respectively, of their total feed from scavenging. Do Viet Minh
(1999) found that scavenging chickens can get around 30 % of their
nutrient requirements from scavenging feed resources. The on - farm
results show that intakes of CP for the mixed and separate diets
were 59 % and 56 %, respectively of the intakes recorded in the on
- station experiment (Paper I) which implies that around 41 % and
44 % of CP intake was from scavenging, although other factors would
also have been involved. Similarly it was calculated that 42 % and
35 % of ME intake on the mixed and separate diets respectively came
from scavenging. Thus this implies that birds got relatively more
CP than ME from scavenging, and it also indicated that the hens on
the separate diet can get more protein than energy from the
scavenging feed resource. According to Gunarantne (1998) the
nutritional value of the scavenging feed resource varies with the
environment. He also concluded that any attempt to intervene with
the existing scavenging system by way of supplementation needs
careful consideration of the quality and quantity of the scavenging
feed resource.
Compared with Washington (1994), who showed the requirement of
feed consumption of Leghorn pullet at 20 weeks of age with live
weight at 1.6 kg was around 80 g/day or 14 g crude protein / day,
the feed intake data showed that the hens ate less protein from the
feed supplied than their requirement, probably because they got
significant amounts of protein from scavenging, such as insects,
larva, seeds and earthworms from the garden, which were quite
abundant in the rainy season. Due to fact that the hens thus could
get significant amounts of protein from scavenging so the protein
that the hens got from the separate diet was lower than from the
mixed feed.
4.2 Age at first egg, mortality and weight gain
Age at first egg in the on- farm experiment was lower than in
the on - station experiment (Paper I), even though the hens were
the same age and the experiment carried out at the same time of
year. The difference was about 7 days, and was probably because the
hens that were transferred to the farms were stressed during
transport. The Tam Hoang produced their first egg earlier than the
Tau Vang hens, 135 days compared with 142 days, respectively.
The mortality after 20 weeks was higher for the Tau Vang (38.3%)
than the Tam Hoang (11.7%), because the Tau Vang were affected by
an unknown disease, while the Tam Hoang were not so seriously
affected. These values were different from a similar study by Do
Viet Minh (1999) in the North of Vietnam, where the mortality of
both local and improved breeds of hen was less than 5 %.
The average daily weight gains (ADG) were significantly
different between diets and breeds and for the Tau Vang (3.9 g) was
higher than for the Tam Hoang (3.0 g), the reason for this probably
being that the Tam Hoang produced more and heavier eggs than the
Tau Vang, and therefore a higher proportion of the nutrient intake
was used for egg production with less available for body tissue
synthesis. Also birds on the separate diet had higher ADG than
those on the mixed diet, again probably as a result of their lower
egg performance and also that the daily feed intake and thus ME
intake were higher than on the mixed diet.
4.3 Egg performance, mean egg weight and feed
consumption per kg eggs
The egg performance and egg weight of the hens kept under
scavenging conditions were lower than for the confined hens in the
on- station experiment (Paper I), although the differences were
small. But, as was also found on-station, the egg performance and
egg weight of the Tam Hoang were always higher than the Tau Vang,
because of the genetic difference between the breeds and strains.
The improved breed thus has a higher potential for egg production
than the local breed, but requires more supplement feed to achieve
this potential (Do Viet Minh, 1999). For both the mixed and
separate diets egg performance and egg weight were similar, which
indicates that the total nutrient intakes on the separate diet,
including from scavenging, were sufficient to give satisfactory
quality and quantity of eggs, and that the hens were able to
fairly accurately balance their nutrient intakes to meet their
requirement for maintenance and production.
The feed consumption per kg eggs was not significantly different
between both breeds and diets. This shows that both the Tam Hoang
and Tau Vang have a good ability to scavenge and get a high
proportion of the feed they require from the environment. This is
in agreement with the study of Do Viet Minh (1999), who concluded
that an improved breed was able to scavenge as well as local
chickens. In fact, Gunaratne et al. (1992) found that in Sri Lanka
scavenging chickens could get over 72 % of their diet from
scavenging feed resources and concluded that differences in the
proportion of the total feed that comes from scavenging depend on
the quantity and quality of the feed resources and the amount
supplied. CP intakes/kg eggs were significantly lower for the
separate compared with the mixed diet, probably because the hens
got significant amounts of protein from scavenging and therefore
reduced their intake of the protein feed supplement when it was
supplied separately.
4.4 Economic analysis
The cost /kg eggs for the two breeds was not significantly
different. If the cost of feed per kg eggs is compared with the on
station experiment (Paper I) , the Tam Hoang hens' feed costs were
73 % and the Tau Vang hens 66 % of the on-station value. This
implies that by allowing the birds to scavenge the total feed cost
can be reduced by about 27% for the Tam Hoang and 34% for the Tau
Vang. The difference between the mixed and separate diets for feed
cost per kg eggs is mainly because on the separate diet, the hens
consumed less of the expensive soya bean and fish meal and more of
the relatively cheap maize meal. However, the difference was non
significant.
5. Conclusions
Acknowlegements
I am grateful to the Swedish International Development Authority
(Sida-SAREC) and The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
(SLU), especially the Department of Animal Nutrition and Management
for their support of the study. Special thanks to my supervisor Dr.
Brian Ogle for his guidance.
I would like to acknowledge the help and hospitality of the
members of Long Hoa People's Committee, especially the head of the
animal husbandry group Mr Dat. Many thanks to farmers who were
joining in my study: Mrs. Manh, Mrs. Khuon, Mrs. Hoanh, Mr. Muoi
Loi, Mrs. Muoi and Mr. Chanh for their help and
cooperation.
Special thanks to Dr. Preston for guidance and correction of
this report. Many thanks to my teacher Mrs.La Thi Thu Minh for her
help and local guidance, and to my assistants Hau, Quyen, Thoai,
Giau and Long for their valuable help.
Last, thanks to my family for their encouragement, and to my
husband for his help and good assistance, and to my daughter for
her love.
References
AOAC.1980. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of official
Analytical Chemists, 13 th Ed.
Gunaratne, S.P., Charndrasiri, A.D., Mangalika Hemalatha,
W.A.P., Roberts, J.A. 1992. The Productivity and Nutrition of
Village Chickens in Srilanka. Tropical Animal Health and
Production.
Gunaratne, S.P., Chandrasiri, A.D.N., Hemalatha, W.A.P.M.,
Roberts, J.A. 1993. The feed resource based for scavenging village
chickens in Sri Lanka. Tropical Animal Health and Production
26:249-257.
Gunaratne, S.P. 1998. Feeding and nutrition of scavenging
village chickens. First INFPD/FAO electronic conference on family
Poultry, December 7th 1998.
Janssen, W. M.A., ed. 1989. European Table of Energy Values for
poultry Feedstuffs. 3rd ed. Beekbergen, Netherlands:
Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information
Services.
Ly, L.V.2000. A review on poultry production in Vietnam, VN
Agricultural publisher. VCN -WEB-site 20, Sep.2000.
Minh, D.V. 1999. Effects of energy and protein supplementation
strategy on
Production performance of local and improved scavenging hens in
North Vietnam, Msc.Thesis, Department of Animal Nutrition and
Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU),
Uppsala, 1999.
MINITAB. 1998. GLM. In Minitab reference Manual Release
13
Smith, A.J.1990.Poultry tropical agriculturist series.CTA,
Macmillan publishers, London. 47, 55 - 71, 179. Second edition
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Van Soest, P.J., Mason, V.C. 1991. The influence of the maillard
reaction upon the nutritive value of fibrous feeds. Anim. Feed
sci.Tech.32:45-53.
Washington, D.C.1994. Nutient requirements of Poultry, ninth
revised edition, 1994. 21- 25.
Table 1. Chemical composition of ingredients and mixed diet (DM
basis)
|
Item |
Maize meal |
Roasted soya bean meal |
Fish meal |
Mixed diet |
|
DM (%) |
85.9 |
87.0 |
85.6 |
86.3 |
|
CP (%) |
9 |
40.7 |
48.5 |
17.6 |
|
EE (%) |
3.1 |
13.1 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
|
CF (%) |
2.0 |
1.68 |
1.15 |
1.65 |
|
Ash (%) |
1.35 |
9.05 |
29.6 |
6.5 |
|
NFE (%) |
70.5 |
27.3 |
3.42 |
59.4 |
|
NDF (%) |
14 |
12.8 |
2.63 |
5.89 |
|
Ca (%) |
0.46 |
2.18 |
4.48 |
2.82 |
|
P (%) |
0.33 |
0.7 |
1.76 |
0.76 |
|
Lysine (g/kg) |
2.7 |
22.1 |
30.3 |
7.3 |
|
Methionine (g/kg) |
1.88 |
6.34 |
16.2 |
3.7 |
|
ME (MJ/kg) |
13.78 |
11.95 |
9.15 |
12.85 |
|
(Calculated) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Effect of breed on egg production, egg weight, feed
per kg eggs and mortality.
|
Item |
Breed |
SE |
P-value (B) |
|
|
Tam Hoang |
Tau Vang |
|||
|
Daily feed intake (g) ( *) |
49.1 |
38.9 |
0.17 |
0.000 |
|
Daily CP intake (g) (*) |
7.8 |
5.9 |
0.27 |
0.003 |
|
Daily ME intake (MJ) (*) |
0.64 |
0.52 |
0.02 |
0.015 |
|
Hen- day production (%) |
30.1 |
23.9 |
0.31 |
0.000 |
|
Egg weight (g) |
43.5 |
39.2 |
0.11 |
0.000 |
|
Feed/kg egg (kg/kg) |
3.9 |
4.0 |
0.043 |
0.063 |
|
CP/kg egg (g/kg ) |
602 |
633 |
9.2 |
0.064 |
|
ME/kg egg (MJ/kg) |
50.8 |
52.6 |
0.54 |
0.063 |
|
Cost/kg egg (VND/kg) |
11,161 |
11,654 |
139 |
0.058 |
|
Total egg number |
2,331 |
1,503 |
|
|
|
AWG (g/day) |
3 |
3.9 |
0.16 |
0.008 |
|
Mortality, % |
11.7 |
38.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(*) Adjusted by covariance according to initial
weight
Table 3. Effect of dietary treatment on egg production, egg
weight, feed per kg eggs and mortality.
|
Item |
Diet |
SE |
P-value |
|
|
Mixed |
Sep |
|||
|
Daily feed intake (g) (*) |
43.5 |
44.5 |
0.33 |
0.045 |
|
Daily CP intake (g) (*) |
7.7 |
6.1 |
0.07 |
0.000 |
|
Daily ME intake (MJ) (*) |
0.55 |
0.60 |
0.006 |
0.000 |
|
Hen- day production (%) |
27.2 |
26.8 |
0.31 |
0.460 |
|
Egg weight (g) |
41.4 |
41.4 |
0.117 |
0.775 |
|
Feed /kg eggs (kg/kg) |
3.9 |
4.0 |
0.043 |
0.077 |
|
CP/kg eggs (g/kg ) |
682 |
553 |
9.2 |
0.000 |
|
ME/kg eggs (MJ/kg) |
49.8 |
53.6 |
0.54 |
0.004 |
|
Cost /kg eggs (VND/kg) |
11,661 |
11,145 |
139 |
0.048 |
|
Total egg number |
1978 |
1856 |
|
|
|
AWG (g/day) |
3.0 |
3.9 |
0.16 |
0.011 |
|
Mortality, % |
21.7 |
28.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(*) Adjusted by covariance according to initial
weight
Table 4. Effect of breed and treatment on egg production, egg
weight and feed per kg eggs
|
Item |
Tam Hoang |
Tau Vang |
SE |
P-value |
||
|
Mix |
Sep |
Mix |
Sep |
(B*D) |
||
|
Daily FI (g) (*) |
48.6 |
49.5 |
37.1 |
39.6 |
1.41 |
0.656 |
|
Daily CP I (g) (*) |
8.80 |
6.86 |
6.52 |
5.39 |
0.26 |
0.002 |
|
Daily ME I (MJ) (*) |
0.59 |
0.68 |
0.51 |
0.52 |
0.02 |
0.000 |
|
Hen- day, (%) |
30.1 |
30.1 |
24.3 |
23.6 |
0.43 |
0.440 |
|
Egg weight ,g |
43.6 |
43.5 |
39.2 |
39.2 |
0.16 |
0.850 |
|
Feed /kg egg (kg/kg) |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
4.1 |
0.06 |
0.252 |
|
CP/kg egg (g/kg ) |
675 |
528 |
687 |
578 |
13.1 |
0.209 |
|
ME/kg egg (MJ/kg) |
49.3 |
52.2 |
50.2 |
55 |
0.77 |
0.279 |
|
Cost /kg egg (VND/kg) |
11,557 |
10,764 |
11,764 |
11,525 |
198 |
0.220 |
|
Total eggs |
1244 |
1087 |
734 |
769 |
|
|
|
AWG (g/day/hen) |
2.75 |
3.18 |
3.23 |
4.62 |
0.22 |
0.091 |
|
Mortality, % |
3.3 |
20.0 |
40.0 |
36.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(*) Adjusted by covariance according to initial
weight
Table 5. Effect of treatment and breed on ingredient intake, %
of total
|
Intake of ingredients |
Breed |
Treatment |
||||||
|
TH |
TV |
SE |
P-value |
Mixed |
Sep |
SE |
P-value |
|
|
MM, % |
75.4 |
74.8 |
0.24 |
0.085 |
71.0 |
79.2 |
0.24 |
0.000 |
|
SBM, % |
9.2 |
9.3 |
0.20 |
0.607 |
10.0 |
8.5 |
0.20 |
0.000 |
|
FM, % |
8.4 |
8.9 |
0.16 |
0.051 |
12.0 |
5.3 |
0.16 |
0.000 |
|
Oyster, BM, % |
7.0 |
7.0 |
|
|
7.0 |
7.0 |
|
|
|
CP,% |
16.0 |
16.2 |
|
|
17.6 |
14.6 |
|
|
|
ME, MJ/kg |
12.95 |
12.93 |
|
|
12.85 |
13.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 6. Effect of breed and treatment on relative feed
ingredient intakes (%)
|
Intake of ingredients |
Tam Hoang |
Tau Vang |
SE |
P-value |
||
|
Mixed |
Sep |
Mixed |
Sep |
|||
|
MM, % |
71.0 |
79.8 |
71.0 |
78.6 |
0.34 |
0.085 |
|
SBM, % |
10.0 |
8.3 |
10.0 |
8.6 |
0.28 |
0.607 |
|
FM,% |
12.0 |
4.9 |
12.0 |
5.8 |
0.23 |
0.051 |
|
Oyster, BM,% |
7.0 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
|
|
|
CP,% |
17.6 |
14.3 |
17.6 |
14.8 |
|
|
|
ME, MJ/ kg |
12.85 |
13.10 |
12.85 |
13.10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|